THE FORUM FOR AUTOMATION AND MANUFACTURING PROFESSIONALS Enterprise Architecture to fight the 2nd law of Thermodynamics Jean Vieille Control Chain Group j.vieille@controchaingroup.com Jean Vieille Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. 1 Agenda · Introduction · Physics · The Industrial Enterprise System · Enterprise Architecture · ISA88/95 manufacturing modeling framework · Conclusion Jean Vieille Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. 2 Information in Industrial Enterprise · Information flood, addiction · Common paradigm: Enterprise System · Computer + network + databases + software = IS · Information System serves the Enterprise system Information System · WBF EU2008: Closing the gap between IT and manufacturing Nature · Need for a symbiotic approach more conform to the Jean Vieille Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. 3 Relative importance of IT in Enterprises · Service, Banks, Insurance companies · Industry · Objective return on investment · The sold items are virtual = intrinsically Informational · IT is the production asset = investment · The sold items are physical · IT is a supporting utility = operating expense · What is the true IT importance? workforce (and associated costs) · How to justify expenses? Feeling, assumptions, hopes... · Hard benefits of early automation: eliminated biological Jean Vieille Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. 4 Sustainable development and environment · Industry is a major component in the Earth eco· system Fast rise of enterprises « Social Responsibility » concern · Cares about social, environmental and economical · footprints Various motivations Jean Vieille Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. 5 Enterprise as a scientific subject · · · Largely studied subject · · · · · · Academic studies often stays at the "Valid philosophy" stage Intuitive, simple, common sense approaches (6 Sigma, Lean management, Theory of Constraints) more successful Market, Shareholders, bankers, environmentalists, economics constraints => genial intuitive managers Help achieving short term "reasonable" objectives & long term sustainable evolution Converge to Information Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. Enterprises intuitive management Leveraging relevant physics principles Jean Vieille 6 Agenda · Introduction · Physics · The Industrial Enterprise System · Enterprise Architecture · ISA88/95 manufacturing modeling framework · Conclusion Jean Vieille Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. 7 Chaos · The nature is not deterministic · Chaos in space · Chaos in Time · Not everything is written · Surprises are needed for the fun... and for evolution · What is the length of French Brittany shores? · The "Butterfly Effect" · Enterprise are chaotic law.. · As most natural systems · Unpredictable events, Unexpected outcomes ­ Murphy's Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. Jean Vieille 8 Complexity · Doesn't mean "complicated" · Interaction : Many components interacting non linearly · Chaotic : makes the system capable of improvements · Spanning several scales : Plants, Area, Work centres, · · · Units, Drives Emerging properties / behaviour : properly driven machine and appropriate knowledge can elaborate a product unknown from the machine perspective Self organization, adaptability, ultimately selfreproduction Involves Cooperation/Competition, Internally/Externally Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. Jean Vieille 9 Entropy · The 2 laws of Thermodynamics: In a closed systems 1. Total energy does not change 2. Temperatures tend to equilibrium: part of the energy mutes in a non usable form because of "Entropy" 3 Interpretations · · · Irreversibility: engines produce unrecoverable heat · The Arrow of Time: Closed systems entropy always increases as the Universe's · Measure of the disorder: Kid's room, engineer desk... Measure of ignorance: We are part of the system: Disorder prevents understanding At the expense of the surrounding system 10 Entropy of an open system can increase or decrease · Jean Vieille Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. Information Physics · Information is the ultimate science · Could be a primary material of the Universe... · Information Entropy (Shannon) information processing. · Allows to build other sciences · Particles interactions, particles themselves... · Grinbaum: Time = Ignorance (= Entropy?) · The minimum length of a message for a given meaning · Affected by coding, noise, redundancy · Could be generalized to measure the "effectiveness" of Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. Jean Vieille 11 Energy and Information · Information processing consumes energy maximum · Does not produce any energy: thermodynamic entropy is · Information "applied" to a system increases its knowledge, its order = reduces its entropy · Information conveys ordering power, "Negentropy" effectiveness of this process Energy Information Processing · Generalized Information entropy represents the entropic Energy Negentropy System Energy Entropy Jean Vieille Losses Entropy Losses Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. 12 Systemics / Cybernetics · Systemics studies Open, Complex systems · · · · · · · System: Set of elements in dynamic interrelation that are organised for a given purpose (J. De Rosnay) Open system: Interacts with its environment · =/ Closed system: no matter/energy I/Os Complex system: the whole more than its parts, chaos... Opposes to (or complement) Cartesian, analytic approach Particularly applied in sociology, biology and environment Is basically about control loops... Complex systems are full of them! · Cybernetics is part of systemics Jean Vieille Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. 13 Agenda · Introduction · Physics · The Industrial Enterprise System · Enterprise Architecture · ISA88/95 manufacturing modeling framework · Conclusion Jean Vieille Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. 14 Enterprise is an Open, Complex System · Physical interactions: · Noospherical interactions: enterprises · Earth, other Enterprises, internal Resources · Goals of the World, Humanity, Humans, Owners, other · Nations, NGOs, Trade unions, Family · Social interactions: · Obeys to cybernetics' laws (i.e. PID) Jean Vieille Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. 15 Industry eco-system Agriculture Food Industry Food Biological-natural machinery Work Maintenance of Social Organization Industry Uranium Energy Industry Oil, Gas, Nuclear, Wind, Sun, hydraulic Usable energy Mechanical-artificial machinery Inspired by J. de Rosnay, Le Macroscope Jean Vieille Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. 16 Industry Economics From J. de Rosnay, Le Macroscope Jean Vieille Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. 17 The enterprise black box: Energy Chain Negentropy Negentropy Negentropy Negentropy Biological Energy Enterprise Energy es Entropy oss L Logistics Energy Enterprise Energy Consumption Work s s es se e s s ss os Entropy Lo Entropy Lo L Entropy Earth Entropy Jean Vieille Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. 18 The enterprise black box: Energy Chain Government Employees Shareholders Environment Suppliers, Customers Partners Subcontractors Bankers, Insurers Money Knowledge Energy Negentropy Enterprise Money Knowledge Energy Entropy Jean Vieille Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. 19 Opening the black box: Examples of enterprise structures (from PRM) EXTERNAL ENTITIES Corporate Management Policies Purchasing RD&E Marketing and Sales Human Resources Accounting Vendor Contracts Know How Requirements ManPower ManuRequirements facturing Policies FACTORY LEVEL 0.0 Jean Vieille Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. 20 Opening the black box: High level interactions Shareholders Capital Money In Employees, Government, Bank, etc Waste Bank Government etc Customers Benefit Money Out Company Profit Investment, Inventory & Cash Flow Money In Business Money Chain Money Out Suppliers Control Knowledge In Design Chain Knowledge Out Energy R. Material Entropy Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. F. Product Energy Chain Jean Vieille 21 Enterprise entropy · · Many different forms of energy · · · · Thermal, chemical, Electrical, Radiant, Nuclear, Magnetic, Elastic, Acoustic, Gravitational... Human resource: inefficiency, errors, tiredness, aging, illness, discontent .. Equipment resource: wear & tear, inefficiency, breakdown... Material & energy resource: waste, energetic balance, uselessness (decreasing relevancy)... Earth system feedback loops will correct or eliminate offenders Many different forms of entropy · High entropy may satisfy short term financial goals · Jean Vieille Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. 22 Information, IT and Enterprise · There are no Information System · IT just adds to other information media · · Information is part of the system, of the enterprise · Not the attribute of a separate enterprise component · From people's memory, paper files, couriers, telephone, pneumatic tubes, human brain, analog computers, mechanical marvels... ...To electronic data storage devices, networks, and computers · IT makes possible more interactions, more complexity, more knowledge, less entropy Jean Vieille Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. 23 Agenda · Introduction · Physics · The Industrial Enterprise System · Enterprise Architecture · ISA88/95 manufacturing modeling framework · Conclusion Jean Vieille Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. 24 Enterprise System Control · Enterprise is a complex, adaptive system · Control is not separate Control system Operated system · Many components interactions · Many feedback loops · Enterprise control is like Process control Control System Jean Vieille Equipment ISA88 Entity Concept Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. 25 Why an enterprise architecture? · Entropy is impacted by knowledge, · organization, information EA helps for · Understanding: describes enterprise spatiotemporal · · aspects (structures and interactions) Defining target improvements: design changes Monitoring achieved improvements: follow-up with changes implementation and effectiveness Jean Vieille Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. 26 Why an Enterprise Architecture? · It is Architecture effort · · · · · · · · · Unlike construction business, it is an ongoing activity in a living organism like an Enterprise Drafts AS-IS and prospective TO-BE Plan and monitor the construction / Changes Mainly informational Buildings and facilities are merely a facet EA too often IT focused Top-down, prescriptive approaches can kill the system by negating its complexity Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. Enterprise is essentially a "virtual entity" Pitfalls Jean Vieille 27 Enterprise Architecture Modelling Frameworks · EA relies on Models · Many EA frameworks · Express knowledge ­ relate to entropy... · PERA, CIMOSA, Zachman, TOGAF, FEAF, IAF... · Strong IT focus · High level meta-models, do not contradict more practical models like ISA88/ISA95 Jean Vieille Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. 28 Jean Vieille Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. 29 Agenda · Introduction · Physics · The Industrial Enterprise System · Enterprise Architecture · ISA88/95 manufacturing modeling framework · Conclusion Jean Vieille Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. 30 ISA88/95 manufacturing architecture framework · How ISA88/95 fit in EA · EA frameworks address the whole enterprise informational part of the enterprise · This concept is well documented for describing the virtual, · Manufacturing is much more complex, needs "information translation" from its physical nature. · Manufacturing architecture is a sub part of EA · Information / System gap is harder to close! manufacturing reality · ISA88/95 helps to depict, understand and control the · The next slide gives the big picture of an integrated ISA88/95 manufacturing architecture framework Jean Vieille Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. 31 figure 9 Manufacturing Architecture Dimensions Inventory Asset Management Product Asset Management Physical Asset Management Human Asset Management Operation Process Management ISA95 Physical Process Management Physical Process Control ISA88 Equipment Control ISA88 + ISA95 TOGAF ITIL Jean Vieille Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. 32 IT Asset Management figure 10 Ongoing Manufacturing Architecture 1b. Physical Modelling 2. Equipment Control Modelling 1a. Product Modelling 3. Process Procedural Modelling 4. Segments Modelling 5. Operation Process Modelling 1a. Inventory Modelling 1c. Human Modelling IT modelling Jean Vieille Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. 33 figure 11 Business/IT Convergence Processes Strategy Management Manage IT Master Planning Execute Manufacturin g Architecture Functional Requirement s IT development IT Deployement Use IT Support & Maintain 6. OPE Operate Information Technology Jean Vieille Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. 34 Agenda · Introduction · Physics · The Industrial Enterprise System · Enterprise Architecture · ISA88/95 manufacturing modeling framework · Conclusion Jean Vieille Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. 35 Wrap up · · · · Entropy is a basic behaviour of nature · · · · · · · · · Ongoing disorder - Arrow of time ­ Ignorance Complex, open Earth subsystems, subject to Entropy and Chaos Living organism: React by reorganizing, adapting itself permanently Information is its intimate, intrinsic component Manages ongoing enterprise construction, Enables IT convergence Manufacturing architecture is more complex, needs "translation" ISA88 and ISA95 are good candidate to support MA Should drive negentropic IT development. Working on measuring methods... Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. Enterprises obey to physical laws Enterprise Architecture Entropy is the indicator of smartness Jean Vieille 36 The 10 commandments of Systemic 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. Preserve variety Do not "open" regulatory loops Look for the points of amplification Re-establish equilibriums through decentralization Know how to maintain constraints Differentiate to integrate better To evolve, allow aggression Prefer objectives to detailed programming Know how to use operating energy Respect response times Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. Jean Vieille 37 THE FORUM FOR AUTOMATION AND MANUFACTURING PROFESSIONALS Questions? Jean Vieille Copyright © 2008 WBF. All rights reserved. 38